Solidarity Process Around Reports of Sexual Violence and Battering

This document was revised at the 2021 Solidarity Convention; the version published here reflects these revisions.

You can contact Solidarity’s Gendered Violence Commission at violencecommission@gmail.com

Principles at Stake

Our socialist and feminist politics dictate that we take an unwavering, principled stand against patriarchal behavior and gendered violence in our movement and that we make our organizational spaces safer¹ and empowering for survivors of sexual assault and intimate partner violence and all people disproportionately at risk for and impacted by gendered violence, especially women, LGBTQ, and nonbinary/gender-nonconforming people.

At the same time, our socialist and feminist politics dictate that we treat everyone accused of gendered violence or involved in an investigation of such accusations with humanity and dignity. We acknowledge that some individuals who engage in gendered violence may be capable of taking part in restorative justice processes, making reparations, and transforming their behavior. And we understand that our organization may not be in a position to provide the resources to enable this, given our primary commitment to survivors and limited capacity.

We believe that bringing these principles into balance means managing a certain tension between them. This document seeks to expand and codify the assumptions and procedures that govern our democratic norms of membership and our socialist-feminist internal culture.

Outline of this document:

Language and Working Definitions

For the sake of gender and language inclusivity, we use they/them pronouns throughout this document (and encourage comrades to do so in all movement documents). While the majority of survivors who currently report experiences gendered violence are ciswomen, we acknowledge that gender-nonconforming, trans, and nonbinary people are at increased risk for gendered and sexual violence, and that cismen also experience gendered violence (although the latter at much lower rates). We feel it is important to recognize (rather than erase) the experiences of gender non-conforming and male survivors. At the same time, we center our analysis on the role of patriarchy in creating the conditions for sexual harassment, assault, and battery. We also acknowledge that women may be aggressors of intimate partner violence in queer, bisexual, lesbian, or heterosexual relationships. We are aware that not only cismen perpetratre sexual harassment and assault. We should not assume that when someone other than a cisman is an aggressor, the violence or abuse is less serious or less traumatizing. It is important to note that the rates of gendered violence in LGBTQ relationships are roughly equal to that of heterosexual relationships and similarly hidden from society. Thus, readers should be attentive to the fact that cases may involve situations and gender dynamics that do not necessarily match the most common narratives.

When someone brings forward a case of gendered violence, they are nearly always a survivor in some sense of the word. It is extremely rare for someone to completely fabricate a story of sexual assault or abuse. Therefore, for the purposes of this document, even when we are discussing processes happening before an official determination has been made on a case, we will use the terms survivor (or occasionally victim)² and aggressor, rather than terms such as accused, accuser, or alleged. At the same time, we are committed to ensuring, as best we can, that the process is fair for all involved and that all parties have the opportunity to share their stories.

We refer to the body investigating these cases as “the Gendered Violence Commission” or “GVC”―based on the motion passed at the 2013 Solidarity Convention. The GVC will handle cases of sexual harassment, sexual assault, and battering. Here are some working definitions and concepts useful in understanding these issues, which may be overlapping, and should not be considered exclusive.

Sexual Abuse of Power: The essence of rape is the sexual abuse of power: an aggressor’s exploitation of dominance, influence, and control over a person in a subordinate position. This way of understanding sexual assault recognizes that, particularly in acquaintance rape, physical coercion can be non-existent or secondary to the aggressor’s ability to exploit their power, authority, or trust to obtain sex by intimidating the victim. When sexual abuse of power is central to the situation, the person often feels that there are no meaningful choices available, given their dependent position, other than to submit to unwanted sex. It is incumbent upon all members to be aware of imbalances of power that are generated by differences in gender, race, experience, age, sexuality, access to support networks and other resources, political experience and expertise, etc., and to ensure that these imbalances of power are not exploited in ways that lead to gendered abuse/violence.

Consent:³ Consent is a fundamental concept in understanding gendered violence and sexual assault. Consent occurs when one person overtly and explicitly agrees to an act of sexual behavior. Consensual sexual activity occurs when all parties involved have actively communicated their agreement to an act of sexual behavior. Consent must be sought and given for each new level of sexual activity–kissing, touching, penetration, etc. In order to be able to give consent, a person must have the option and ability to refuse consent without fearing consequences. Thus, a person who is subject to another’s social or economic authority, severely intoxicated, or unconscious cannot give full and active consent. Pre-existing differences in power or authority between individuals limit a person’s ability to provide consent. For example, a young, new activist may feel as though they do not have the option to refuse sex with the leader of a social movement organization.

Many of us have been educated in the mainstream culture which tells us that rape only happens after one person says “no” and the other person uses force or coercion to continue sexual activity. Feminist activists are working to change this narrow definition. We believe that rape can occur when partners do not actively communicate consent for each new level of sexual activity. We also respect the victim’s or survivor’s right to name rape, based on their experience.

One situation in which violation of consent can occur is when a partner in consensual sexual relations is deliberately kept in the dark regarding risks of sexual activity, for example, when one partner is aware of an STI (sexually transmitted infection) and fails to inform the other partner of that fact. In such a case, fully informed consent is not possible. Members are responsible for becoming informed about the risks to partners of sexual activity when one has, or may have, an STI.

Sexual harassment: Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that creates a hostile environment. This can include, but is not limited to:

• Pressure for a dating, romantic or intimate relationship, sometimes coupled with threat for refusing.
• Unwelcome touching, kissing, hugging or massaging.
• Pressure for sexual activity.
• Unnecessary and unwelcome references to various parts of the body.
• Remarks about clothing, body, or activities that could be construed as sexual, either in appreciation or as a put-down.
• Belittling remarks about a person’s gender, appearance, or sexual orientation.
• Obscene gestures.
• Offensive sexual graffiti, pictures, or posters.
• Sexually explicit profanity.

Sexual abuse/assault: Sexual assault takes many forms including attacks such as rape or attempted rape, as well as any unwanted sexual contact or threats. A sexual assault occurs when someone touches any part of another person’s body in a sexual way, even through clothes, without that person’s consent.

Physical Abuse/Assault: pattern of behavior used to establish power and control over another person through fear and intimidation, often including the threat or use of violence. Physical battering generally includes psychological or emotional battering.

Psychological/Emotional Abuse/Assault: ongoing systematic pattern of psychological or emotional violence designed to control and subjugate an individual by destroying their sense of self-worth. This can include a pattern of damaging verbal abuse, harassment, excessive possessiveness, isolating the person from friends and family, deprivation of physical and economic resources, and destruction of personal property. Psychological/emotional abuse, absent other forms of assault, is an issue that was not fully addressed in the first version of this document; it was noted that careful thought was required about what formal processes should be triggered by incidents of psychological/emotional battering. During the initial two-year term of the GVC, this issue was studied and discussed, especially in light of a case on emotional abuse that was raised and to which the GVC responded. The GVC’s work in 2013-2015 with historic and current survivors led it to conclude that Solidarity ought to educate members about the seriousness of matters of emotional abuse, for many reasons, including that it may empower survivors to stop and/or exit patterns that otherwise may lead to physical abuse. These experiences and the analyses that they generated on the part of the GVC, and in conversations with others, led to the GVC’s recommendation that this document should assert more clearly that this type of battering ought to be addressed directly in Solidarity’s formal processes.

The experience of the GVC in dealing with this issue during its initial two years led its members to conclude that, while difficult in some ways to assess, emotional abuse is no less real or damaging than physical/sexual abuse and that addressing it effectively as an organization—including that individual cases brought forward to the GVC will be responded to in a formal process, as are cases of physical/sexual abuse—is a critical part of Solidarity’s responsibility to maintain a healthy and safe environment for all members. In cases of Psychological/Emotional Abuse/Assault, incidents of this behavior can sometimes be directly observed by members in the public formal and informal spaces of our group. Continuing education and discussion about issues of gendered violence, including specifically intimate partner violence and emotional abuse, are important. Education is needed to raise awareness of emotional/psychological abuse occurring along a comprehensive continuum ranging from isolated incidents that are common in all relationships to more serious and chronic patterns of emotional battering, e.g. patterns of ongoing “gaslighting” (see description in Category 2, below). 

It is also vital to recognize that Solidarity members, especially women and nonbinary/trans members, are statistically very likely to have directly experienced any or all of these forms of gendered violence themselves, and that educational events and political discussions can be triggering. No branch member should be put in a position to defend or explain their own lived experience as a teaching moment for other members.

It is the intent of the organization that this policy reflects a clear prohibition on psychological/emotional abuse, and that complaints regarding offenses in this category may be brought to the GVC and are to be responded to in accordance with the processes outlined below.

Additional resources on psychological/emotional abuse:

• “No Turning Back“
• “What Is Gaslighting?“
• “A Message to Women from a Man: You Are Not ‘Crazy’“

Solidarity Process and Other Processes

What is our attitude toward the criminal (in)justice system? Solidarity members share critiques of the criminal justice system, particularly with regard to its destructive impact on communities of color and working people.

Survivors may want to press legal charges against rapists and abusers. They may also, for various reasons (for example: immigration status, the role of police in communities of color, the terrible track record of the criminal justice system in dealing with rape and domestic violence, or concern for an aggressor) not want to press charges. We also recognize that there will be instances where it is not possible for the survivor to avoid calling on the police.

Organizationally, we take no position on whether a survivor should or should not press charges. This is a decision a survivor has the right to make, with the advice and solidarity of friends, family, loved ones, allies, and comrades, as the survivor chooses.

Sexual assault and other forms of gendered violence fundamentally take away a person’s power. It is important that the process following sexual assault restores the survivor’s agency and allows them to take responsibility for decisions like whether or not to go to the police. In addition, there is a history in the Left of discouraging survivors from going to the police. Solidarity affirms that its support for survivors is in no way contingent on whether they choose to go to the police.

Whatever the survivor’s decision, Solidarity needs an internal process for dealing with reports of gendered violence. Especially given our critique of the criminal justice system, we believe it is imperative to have an alternative process that supports survivors and holds aggressors accountable. Gendered and sexual violence is part of a continuum of sexist aggression and patriarchal behaviors which not only harm individual survivors but which can create an organizational atmosphere which isolates and devalues women, and hampers our collective political participation. When such an atmosphere goes unchallenged or tacitly supported by members and leaders in an organization, it creates a situation where women are functionally second-class citizens and the organization as a whole rightly stands to lose legitimacy in the eyes of feminist and movement activists.

We also recognize that Solidarity may not have the resources or expertise to handle serious cases. But radical women of color-led organizations such as INCITE have been at the forefront of developing community-based accountability processes as an alternative to the police and courts. While recognizing that implementing alternatives is difficult and time-consuming, they also argue that alternatives are imperative. We are also of varying opinions about the extent to which Solidarity, as a small, geographically disparate, voluntary organization can be thought of in terms parallel to these communities.

Outline of Our Process

Guiding Precepts for Our Response:

• Support for the Survivor—supporting the survivor should be a priority in this process. (See below section on supporting survivors.)
• Speed—we commit ourselves to responding immediately to an accusation and to dealing with it as quickly as possible. Dragging this out only re-victimizes the survivor. Our investigative process will be completed within a month whenever possible, with the caveat that there are factors that may extend the time required for a full and fair investigation. Promptness is valuable but thoroughness and fairness ought to be prioritized over promptness when necessary.
• Transparency—the person bringing an accusation (non-members as well as members) and their supporters should know exactly what process will be implemented and should be kept informed as the process moves forward.
• Uniformity across the organization—our organizational process should ensure that all incidents are treated according to our defined processes, regardless of where they occur and who is involved. (See below section on organizational structure for responding to gendered violence.)
• Accountability—once the investigation is completed and if gendered violence is found to have taken place, we will hold the aggressor accountable for the harm caused to the survivor and our organization. We will also hold our organization accountable for meeting the needs of the survivor, to the best of our ability. Accountability plans can include suspension or termination of an aggressor’s membership. We recognize that the organization’s capacity to monitor and work with aggressors is limited and accountability plans will have to take this capacity into account. (See below section on accountability plans.)

Supporting the Survivor:

As soon as a case of gendered violence is brought forward, our first concern is providing safety and support to the survivor. Through the entire process of investigation and accountability supporting the survivor must remain a priority. Too often, organizations focus all of their energy on responding to the aggressor while failing to offer meaningful support to the survivor.

1. Address immediate health and safety concerns. Offer to accompany the survivor to a clinic or hospital if the survivor deems it necessary (see Resources section below to find a local crisis center, and see here).
2. Validate the survivor’s experience:
   • Use the tools of active listening (see details here).
   • Try not to react with extremely strong emotions that could make the survivor feel guilty for upsetting you. Remain calm, and say something like “I am sad and angry that you were hurt.”
   • Allow the survivor time to ‘name’ what happened. Use the same words that they to describe what happened to them: rape, sexual assault, etc.
   • Do not ask repeated questions about the details of what happened. Your job is to support, not act as a prosecutor. At the same time, allow them to go into as much detail as they want.
   • Do not question or judge the survivor’s actions during the assault. Questions like, “why didn’t you fight back?” will only serve to make the survivor feel shamed or judged.
3. An important aspect of supporting a survivor is restoring agency and control. At the same time, recognize that survivors may be uncertain how to proceed, or unsure what they want from the accountability process. Supporters need to seek out the survivors’ requests without pressuring them for immediate answers in a way that could negatively impact their healing process. One way to do this is by providing a series of suggestions that they can choose from.
4. Ask before giving the survivor a hug or holding their hand. Do not assume that physical intimacy will always be helpful for a survivor.
5. The survivor should not be forced to share spaces with the aggressor – the aggressor must be asked to leave spaces that the survivor has chosen to be in if this is what the survivor has indicated they want.
6. Offer to support the survivor by helping them to identify a support network. Respect their wishes about whom to include or not include.
7. Explain the procedures developed within Solidarity to handle cases of interpersonal violence.
8. Emphasize that whether the survivor decides to involve the police or not should be their decision.
9. It is important for the survivor to direct their own healing process and to make their own decisions and mistakes along the way. Attempting to prevent the survivor from making what you perceive to be a bad decision encroaches on their rights and will likely impede the healing process.

Resources:

Finding a Local Crisis Center:

• RAINN Local Crisis Center Search

Guidelines on Supporting Survivors:

• 7 Ways to Help a Teen Survivor of Sexual Assault
• Supporting a Survivor of Sexual Assault

Begin by Listening

The Commission will investigate an accusation through a process of careful listening in order to determine what has occurred. It is true that Solidarity does not have the time, expertise, or desire to carry out a criminal investigation. Still, we have a responsibility to survivors to determine, as best we can, what has happened so that we can craft a response that promotes the survivor’s healing, holds aggressors accountable, and ensures a fair investigation.

In evaluating claims of rape, other forms of sexual assault, sexual harassment, and partner violence, we start with the survivor’s statement about what happened. The dominant society (from legal institutions to the media to many strands of popular culture) tends to ignore or trivialize survivors’ stories, and it is important for a feminist organization to push back against that and maintain a presumption that survivors generally tell the truth. The notion of fabricated stories of rape / false accusations as a widespread phenomenon is a patriarchal myth.

In addition to listening to the survivor’s story of what happened between them and the aggressor, the commission should check in with them at several points during the process about what they want to see happen. In some cases, particularly given the effects of trauma and the pressure of speaking out in an emotionally charged, high-stakes political situation, a survivor’s memory, interpretations, and/or wishes may vary over time.

Upon becoming aware of a report of gendered violence perpetrated by a Solidarity member, the GVC will contact the aggressor and ask them to provide a written account of the situation and events within a specified time period. After receiving the aggressor’s written account, the GVC will offer to engage in an in-person, virtual, or phone interview. The gathering of this information is not intended to evaluate the “truthfulness” of the survivor’s story but to gain a better understanding of the aggressor’s account of what happened. If the aggressor fails to provide a written account or declines to participate in a direct conversation with GVC members, the GVC may produce a report to the NC based on the available information.

If there are other people within or outside the organization whose interpretations may shed light on the events in question, the GVC will seek to contact them and offer to listen to their accounts also. The goal is not to attempt a quasi-legal process, but to listen to relevant  accounts and gather information to shed light on where they are the same and where they may vary, either in terms of facts or interpretations. Sometimes the same event can be experienced or interpreted differently by different people; it is useful to evaluate multiple interpretations, examine the nature of the violence, determine how to hold the aggressor accountable, and best support the survivor, and identify aspects of our organization that need to change in order to prevent or interrupt future violence.

Evaluating Cases

Gendered violence occurs in different forms and at different levels of force/coercion/ intimidation—for example, sexual harassment and sexual assault both are expressions of our society’s rape culture but the level of violation and the harm experienced by the survivor is different. Experiences of battering also run a gamut in terms of frequency, intensity of threat, and bodily and/or emotional and psychological harm. In researching past instances that Solidarity has encountered, we have seen this range and certainly think it is important to take these differences into account. For this reason we have developed descriptions of 3 groups of behaviors and some of the possible consequences for them. These descriptions are intended as a general guide to members of the Commission as they deal with and seek resolution of reported incidents of gendered violence on a case by case basis.

Guidelines for Responding to Gendered Harassment and Violence

All of the behaviors listed on these guidelines are completely unacceptable in our organization and we commit to responding promptly to support survivors and hold aggressors accountable. The specific behaviors listed below in all categories are examples, and do not constitute an inclusive list. We recognize that there is a continuum between aspects of rape culture which are disgustingly ubiquitous in our society and on the left, and forms of sexual assault which constitute more severe violations of consent and/or abusive power relations. The intent of category 1 responses is to make our organizational spaces safer. By intervening in everyday instances of rape culture we hope to create an environment that helps prevent rape and sexual assault.

On Unwanted Touching: There is a spectrum of unwanted touching, from aggressive, persistent, or invasive actions that belong in category 3, to an unwanted attempt to escalate a mutually agreed upon sexual situation which might belong in category 1 or 2, depending on the situation, to possibly incidental or flirtatious but unwanted light touching, which fits with category 1. We include a few brief descriptions of these behaviors in the categories below, but they are only examples of a much broader range of behavior that could be described as unwanted touch or groping. Rather than spelling out every possible context in advance, we leave it to the commission to examine the context of the incident and make a determination as to which category it best fits.

Category 1

Description:

• Verbal (written or spoken) harassment
• Unwelcome pressure for sexual activity
• Unwelcome sexual advance
• Unwanted touching: possibly incidental or flirtatious but unwanted light touching over clothing
• Behaviors may include elements of emotional abuse.

Response (any/all of the responses below may be considered in each situation):

• Sanctions on participation in Solidarity events (such as: cannot attend Solidarity parties/socials, can only attend Solidarity social events with a designated check-in person/buddy, cannot drink at Solidarity events)
• Survivor has the option to request that aggressor must avoid activities that would bring them into contact (in-person or electronic) with the survivor for up to 6 months
• Suggestion to seek counseling for repeat or more severe incidents
• Reparations and behavior change: victim impact panels, formal apologies, victim-offender mediation, accountability circles
• Suspension of up to 2 months may be considered depending on the severity

Category 2

Description:

• Category 2 offenses do not involve physical force
• May involve a failure to get continuous active consent during all sexual activity, and before initiating each new level of sexual activity, or for sexual activity for which there was consent in the past
• Aggressor may take advantage of different levels of experience or social/organizational status, through dishonesty or disingenuous behavior, through controlling or manipulative behavior, or other means
• Repeated or escalated incidents from category #1
• Behaviors may show elements of stalking
• Unwanted touching: brief but unwanted touching perceived as suggestive/sexual even if stopped upon request (testing/grooming)
• Emotional/psychological abuse and battering are found in an ongoing systematic pattern of behavior designed to control and subjugate a person by destroying their sense of self-worth. These patterns are characterized by consistent and frequent emotionally manipulative behavior in which, in an effort to seek and exploit a power imbalance within a relationship, sometimes through chipping away at a victim’s self-esteem and sense of personal power, an aggressor engages in:
  • Gaslighting: conveys to victim that their (victim’s) perceptions, responses, feelings, opinions and/or behaviors are irrational and invalid, sometimes to the point of conveying that the victim themself is “crazy”
  • Shaming: denigrates, insults, verbally abuses, and/or demeans victim
  • Controlling: seeks to exert an extreme degree of control over victim, through emotional and/or other types of threats, erratic behavior and marked swings of engagement and disengagement, destruction of personal property, invasion of personal space without permission, etc.
  • Threatening: harasses victim—defined as engaging in repeated hostile remarks, actions, or demands, intended to pressure or intimidate 
  • Control/isolation: engages in extreme possessiveness, including isolating the victim from friends and family
  • Economic control: depriving the victim of physical, economic, or other resources or manipulating the victim to use economic or other resources in uncomfortable or unsustainable ways

Response (any/all of the responses below may be considered in each situation):

• Suspension of up to one year should be considered, and expulsion may be appropriate for the more severe cases in this category
• Aggressor must avoid events and activities that would bring them into contact with the survivor (if so desired by the survivor)
• Sanctions in participation in Solidarity events (such as: cannot attend Solidarity socials, can only attend Solidarity social events with a designated check-in person, cannot drink at Solidarity events)
• Suggestion to seek counseling
• Commission members may request one or more meetings to discuss progress and lessons learned, may ask that the aggressor read material; may request phone and/or in-person meetings with commission to discuss and reflect upon behavior; may be asked to read selected material to inform discussions and process
• Reparations and behavior change: victim impact panels, victim-offender mediation, accountability circles

Category 3

Description:

• Aggressor may place the victim in fear of social, economic, or professional harm
• Aggressor exploits a situation in which the victim is under the influence of drugs / alcohol.
• Aggressor may use or threaten to use physical force, or otherwise causes the victim to fear for their safety
• Abuse of power or violation of consent; this would also include gendered violence against someone whose mental state or intellectual ability make informed consent impossible
• Stalking which causes the victim to feel unsafe
• Physical abuse
• Any unwanted touching which is persistent, aggressive, or invasive
• When the victim names the assault as rape it will generally fall into this category
• Emotional abuse including severe instances of emotional/psychological abuse as defined above; e.g., isolating people, depriving them of economic resources; persistent use of ugly misogynist language; extreme and persistent exercising of control of another

Responses:

Expulsion is mandatory.*

Any and/or all of the additional responses below may be considered in each situation, depending on the circumstances and the survivor’s preferences:

• Aggressor must avoid Solidarity events and activities, including public events.
• Aggressor is urged to seek counseling/treatment (outside of Solidarity; this is not the same as a restorative justice process)

*The National Committee is the body responsible for expulsions. The NC will take very seriously any GVC recommendation to expel a member.

When using the guidelines to determine the severity of a case and which category it falls into, there are a few precautions to remember. First, the victim’s inability to say “No” or “Stop” during a sexual assault should not be used as evidence that a sexual assault did not occur, or as evidence that the sexual assault was less severe. Secondly, a testimony about the aggressor’s character, such as “I know him and he wouldn’t do that” should in no way be used as evidence that a sexual assault did not occur, or as evidence that the sexual assault was less severe.

We realize that most people are socialized in contradictory ways, in which some of our behaviors may reflect socialist and feminist commitments and others may reflect patriarchal norms of the broader society. Some aggressors’ patriarchal behaviors may be (relatively) straightforward to unpack. These aggressors, when confronted with a critique of their behavior, will usually experience remorse, a desire to understand the survivor’s interpretation of their behaviors, and an eagerness/willingness to change. Aggressors of this sort will be more likely to be capable of change through an organizational accountability process.

In other situations an aggressor might be resistant to organizational calls for accountability and walk away. Even then the invitation to an accountability process can still be worthwhile for the survivor and the rest of the organization.

We recognize that a significant percentage, or perhaps the majority, of sexual assaults are committed by men who are recidivists and/or have a deeper, psychological complex that leads them to engage in acts of sexual violence. In these cases, it is unlikely that our organization will be able to have an impact on the aggressor’s behavior and our resources may be best spent on supporting the survivors and dealing with the tremendous level of harm done to our community.

The Aggressor’s Status in the Organization During the Investigation

During the investigation, the aggressor should be suspended if the issue in question is sexual assault /rape OR if the aggressor is an imminent danger to the survivor or others; for other issues this will be at the discretion of the commission. In all cases, the aggressor is required to avoid contact with the survivor during the investigation, with rare exceptions in order to accommodate a desire by the survivor for contact based on practical or other considerations, e.g. the need to communicate re: shared personal business, etc.

In starting from the point of view of the survivor, we recognize that many may very well wish not to be around the person who has harmed them. Therefore we believe the aggressor should be asked to step back from activities that would put them in the same space as the survivor—both within the organization as well as in any other organizations–pending investigation. If not suspended, the aggressor’s task is to remain part of the organization, participate in the investigation process and, if harm has occurred, to engage in the accountability plan that is created. Failure to participate in any aspect of this process will lead to expulsion.

Accountability Plan⁴

In the investigative phase of the process, the Commission listens to the accounts provided by the survivor and aggressor. The next step in the process involves determining how the aggressor will be held accountable for their behavior and the harm done to the survivor, to Solidarity, and potentially to other social movement communities. It is also possible that during the investigation the Commission may determine that Solidarity as an organization needs to take responsibility for in some way ignoring or tolerating violence, or the conditions that led to violence. In the following, we focus on how Solidarity could organize accountability processes; many of these same guidelines could be implemented within social movement organizations as well.

We are using the concept of accountability as developed by INCITE Women of Color Against Violence. Accountability processes include a range of possible strategies and tools to achieve the goals below. These goals represent the ideals that we orient ourselves to, but we understand that what we can realistically achieve in each situation may be more limited.

• Create and affirm organizational VALUES AND PRACTICES that resist abuse and oppression and encourage safety, support, accountability, and empowerment of survivors, women, and LGBTQIA+ people.
• Provide SAFETY AND SUPPORT to members who are violently targeted that RESPECTS THEIR SELF-DETERMINATION.
• Develop sustainable strategies to ADDRESS MEMBERS/SYMPATHIZERS’ ABUSIVE BEHAVIOR, creating a process for them to account for their actions and transform their behavior.
• Commit to ongoing feminist education and development of all of our members, and the organization itself, to TRANSFORM THE POLITICAL CONDITIONS that reinforce oppression and violence.

Accountability plans should be tailored to fit specific situations, reflecting the nature of the offense, the needs and wishes of the survivor, practical constraints for a successful strategy, and other relevant factors. There is no “one-size-fits-all” model. On the other hand, we need to have some guidelines that maximize the safety and integrity of everyone involved.

While most of the accountability process will depend on the specific facts of the case and the requests of the survivor, we have also determined a few automatic consequences that should be implemented. Category 3 offenses will involve a mandatory expulsion. Non-cooperation with an accountability process will result in automatic expulsion. Otherwise, the consequences are up to the Commission, following the guidelines stated herein.

Guidelines for Developing and Implementing an Accountability Process⁵

1. Prioritize the self-determination of the survivor.

In deciding when, why, where, and how the aggressor will be held accountable, it is critical to take into account the survivor’s vision. Survivors may want to lead and convey the plan to the aggressor, participate but not lead, or not be part of the process at all. For example, in some instances a survivor may want an apology from the aggressor and to have an opportunity for the aggressor to listen to and acknowledge the harm they have caused. In other instances, the survivor may not want to have any interaction with the aggressor. In that case, some other strategy would be used to confront the aggressor—for example, the aggressor might be required to meet with and listen to a group of survivors describe the consequences of the kind of violation that the aggressor has done. The aggressor might be asked to make an apology to that group or to write an apology to the survivor. In a battering situation, the survivor may ask that the aggressor leave their shared home, but continue paying their share of the rent or mortgage, so that the survivor can remain there. Whether or not they continue to be involved personally and in what way depend on the survivor’s wishes.

2. Recognize the humanity of everyone involved, including the survivor(s), the aggressor(s) and the community.

It is common to feel rage at the aggressor for assaulting another person and the accountability process should provide a space for the survivor and their supporters to express these emotions without judgment. At the same time, we should also keep in mind that treating an aggressor as a monster can foster responses, such as physical violence against the aggressor, that are ultimately not helpful to the organization or to the people in it. While holding aggressors accountable, we need to be aware of problematic dynamics where the inevitable tensions of group life are temporarily overcome through uniting around punishing an offender, while failing to challenge the roots of violence within our organization and broader society.

Survivors should be allowed to be complex people. Many survivors feel mixed emotions about what happened and wonder about the part they played in the incident: they should be able to express these emotions and desires without judgment. At the same time, as a feminist organization, we want to help the survivor to stand up to the victim-blaming messages that are fundamentally part of rape culture. Responsibility lies with the aggressor.

3. Be clear and specific about accountability.

We believe that aggressors need to be held accountable for their acts and take responsibility for repairing the harm done in order for them to transform their behavior. The strategies we adopt will be shaped by what we understand about the incident, the survivor’s needs, and the aggressor.

4. Set realistic and achievable goals.

One of the critiques that feminists have raised about accountability processes is that the organization ends up spending more time and energy on supporting the aggressor to change than in supporting the survivor. Although we are committed to holding ourselves and our members accountable, we also need to be practical and work within the limits of what we can reasonably do. For example, we may decide that we cannot sufficiently monitor and support an aggressor’s engagement in our organization and its activities. In this case, a suspension may be the most appropriate and realistic response. We might ask that during that suspension, the aggressor meet regularly with some group of members to discuss how they are working toward self-change.

Wherever possible, it can be useful to enlist the aggressor’s friends and/or family in carrying out the accountability strategies. They may be more motivated to invest time and effort supporting the aggressor to change and can lighten the burden of members who are working with the aggressor.

5. At the outset, establish consequences for an aggressor’s failure to stay with the mandated accountability strategy.

Part of the accountability process includes an explicit stipulation of the consequences for not following up on what has been agreed to. The consequences for the aggressor will depend on the nature of the offense and on the assessment/recommendation of those responsible for supporting and monitoring the aggressor, but may include termination of membership. Refusal to cooperate with the accountability plan will result in automatic expulsion.

6. Use the accountability process to strengthen feminist praxis in our organization.

Throughout the accountability process, we will reflect on changes that can be made to strengthen the feminist culture within our organization and prevent future incidents of violence. We will look for the ways in which our organization and broader community may have ignored or permitted the conditions that led to the violence.

In the accountability plan, the aggressor will be asked to take steps to repair the damage done to both the survivor and the organization. For example, the aggressor might write a letter of apology to the organization, or help organize educationals for members on intervening in sexual harassment. As we understand more about how men who are members of an organization that asserts a socialist-feminist politics can nonetheless engage in gendered violence, we learn more about how to prevent such behavior in the future. This will strengthen our entire group.

Confidentiality of the Proceedings

The commission overseeing the process will need to determine whether other Solidarity members or contacts will be informed that an investigation is taking place, and if so, how much information will be given out and at what time. After the investigation, the commission will need to decide who will be informed when a determination of harm has been made and when the aggressor enters an accountability process (which may or may not include termination of membership). These questions require consideration of several factors including:

• the safety of the survivor and others
• the survivor’s wishes regarding confidentiality
• the degree of harm involved
• the due process rights of the aggressor
• the willingness of the aggressor to participate in the process
• the feasibility of maintaining confidentiality
• the age of those involved

Confidentiality during the investigation period

The Survivor’s Identity

In all cases, the name of the survivor will not be shared by the commission or any member, with members or outside contacts unless specifically requested and approved by the survivor. The survivor has control over how, when, and if they share their  experience and identity with others outside of the GVC, although there may be rare exceptions in which, in extreme cases, the GVC may find it necessary to alert the membership regarding an aggressor they deem to be a threat to other members or to members of other organizations. In such cases, the GVC may determine that it must share some aspects of the incident. In so doing, the GVC will make every effort to protect the survivor’s identity. The survivor will be kept informed of any such steps, when possible. 

The GVC will also get consent from the survivor before sharing the complaint with the aggressor, since the complaint may identify the survivor, even if their name is not included. In some cases, the survivor may not want to share the details of a complaint with the aggressor for this or other reasons. In this situation, a possible approach is to write a condensed and anonymous version of the complaint and, with the survivor’s approval, then share it with the aggressor when it is shared with the NC.

The GVC acknowledges that, in some cases, the survivor’s identity may inadvertently or unavoidably be revealed in the process of warning other members or other organizations about the aggressor. When or if this occurs, the survivor will be informed immediately.

The Aggressor’s Identity

During the investigatory period before a determination of harm has been made, only the GVC, NC, steering committee (if one is active) and the branch exec (if cases are based in a branch) should be informed. On a case-by-case basis, the GVC may decide to inform people who are interacting with the aggressor in social spaces. There may be cases in which other concerns make confidentiality unfeasible. For example, an aggressor may refuse to participate in the process and leave the organization. In this and similar situations, the GVC may determine that the risk to others is such that members and/or contacts outside the organization need to be informed.

The GVC must weigh the right to privacy for an aggressor vs. the rights of members to know who’s been found to be an aggressor–sometimes the members’ rights to know, so that they can protect themselves and others, will trump an aggressor’s right to privacy.

If the GVC asks the aggressor to step back from certain activities and/or suspends the aggressor during the investigatory period, other comrades may have questions about the sudden absence. In this instance, it may be necessary for the commission to release a statement such as “Comrade X has temporarily taken a step back from organizational activities for confidential reasons,” or with more details depending on the situation.

Keeping confidentiality in the accountability plan.

After a determination of harm has been made about a case, the process then moves on to the accountability plan, which may or may not include suspension or termination of membership. In all cases, at minimum, the GVC, NC and the branch exec for cases based in the branch, will be informed of the situation and the identity of the aggressor. As part of the accountability process, on a case-by-case basis, the Commission may inform others who interact with the aggressor (such as those involved in holding the aggressor accountable to agreed-upon sanctions and processes).

Specific to category 2 cases, as part of the accountability process, where requested by the commission, the aggressor should write a letter informing the rest of the branch (excluding the survivor’s identity).

Specific to category 3 cases, individuals who might be interacting with the aggressor in social spaces and movement organizations with which the aggressor works should be informed of the situation and the aggressor’s identity, by the GVC. The GVC shall notify the NC of its decision and the NC should inform the entire Solidarity membership of the identity of the former member being expelled. There are several reasons for this policy. They include: 1) protecting future victims, 2) providing space for additional survivors to come forward, and 3) transparency.

Beyond the above guidelines, whether or not the incident and the aggressor’s identity are shared to members and contacts will depend on a number of factors, including the level of violence and harm as well as the ability of the group to protect others from victimization by this individual. Confidentiality may not be realistic if we want to create safer, more empowering spaces for the survivor and for people who are disproportionately affected by gendered violence, including women and LGBTQIA people. Safer spaces may require excluding the aggressor from events where the survivor will be present, disinviting the aggressor from social events involving alcohol, assigning a chaperon for such events, etc. Some of these strategies will require explanation and could inevitably lead to confidentiality being broken.

We also recognize that we lack the person power to fully monitor an aggressor. Furthermore, placing scarce resources of time and emotional energy into monitoring an aggressor inevitably takes time and emotional energy away from supporting the survivor and doing other work in the organization to make it a safer space for women and others affected by gendered violence.

There are a variety of ways to force the aggressor to confront the wrongs they have done that do not involve public shaming (e.g., “you can come to the parties, but you can’t drink,” “you have to take a step back from that project,” “you have to take a leave of absence,” and in some cases “your membership is terminated”).

In some cases the survivor may feel that a public admission from the organization is necessary. Our commitment to putting the survivor’s needs first requires that we take such a request seriously.

Of course the survivor has the right to tell anybody about what happened at any time and so is not bound by organizational confidentiality. Another question to consider about confidentiality is: what information is the survivor comfortable having revealed and to whom? Though there might be exceptions, as a matter of policy, the GVC needs to respect the survivor’s wishes; the key is to ask. This is complicated to navigate, but it’s something the commission will have to consider.

Providing Resources and Ensuring Uniformity Across the Organization: A Commission on Gendered Violence

We have established a Commission on Gendered Violence composed of individuals who are knowledgeable about the issues of gendered violence, are familiar with accountability processes, and have skills relevant to conducting an investigation and developing an accountability plan in the specific context of our organization.

As soon as a case of gendered violence is brought forward at any level of the organization, members have the responsibility to notify the Commission. If the situation is based in a branch, the branch will be expected to work closely with the Commission: supporting the survivor (to the extent that the survivor wishes the situation be shared with branch members), assisting the Commission with the investigation, and helping to implement an accountability plan.

Electing a commission to carry out the investigation works to ensure objectivity, lack of favoritism, and due process across the organization. If a Commission member has a close, personal friendship or political relationship with the aggressor, that member shall be asked to recuse themselves and the NC may appoint a replacement. We’re a small organization, in which members are likely to have some relationship with each other, so members should exercise good judgment on this, in consultation with the NC.

We recognize that carrying out an investigation may at times entail the expense of having some members go to the site. While some investigations may appropriately be carried out via phone and other long-distance communication, we feel this issue is important enough to justify the expense of travel to investigate on site when warranted.

A decision of the Commission may be appealed to the NC or, ultimately, to Convention. A 2/3 vote of the National Committee is required to override a GVC decision.

Constitution and Duties of the Gendered Violence Commission

The Gendered Violence Commission will be composed of between four and six members who are knowledgeable about issues of gendered violence and have skills relevant to conducting an investigation and developing an accountability plan. Women will comprise the majority of GVC members. At least one Commission member should be familiar with LGBTQIA concerns. If active, one member of the Feminist Commission should be elected by that body to serve on the Gendered Violence Commission.

The GVC’s goals are:

1. When instances of gendered violence arise in Solidarity, the GVC responds to support the right of the survivor to remain active as a political person. The GVC seeks to take action to support the survivor and hold the aggressor accountable for their actions.
2. To prevent and respond to instances of gendered violence in Solidarity and on the left by educational work around the issues of power dynamics and what constitutes consent.
3. To enable Solidarity, and social movements more broadly, to understand that gendered violence is rooted in a patriarchal system that has been woven into the fabric of capitalism.

The duties of the GVC are:

1. The GVC will be immediately notified when an accusation against a member or sympathizer is brought to the organization at any level. (Survivors are welcome to confidentially contact the GVC directly at violencecommission@gmail.com) The GVC will conduct the investigation. This procedure is necessary to ensure that incidents are treated consistently according to our defined processes across the organization. Where appropriate, the branch will be asked to support the survivor and participate in the accountability plan, if there is one. Regardless of who the aggressor is — that is, a member, sympathizer, or non-member — the GVC will provide whatever support possible to a member or sympathizer who is a survivor.
2. The GVC will make available to various units of Solidarity resources on interpersonal violence and sexual consent.
3. The GVC will assist in organizing workshops, panels and educationals at Solidarity-sponsored events including summer schools.
4. The GVC will report to the Steering Committee as cases occur, will report disposition of cases that require an accountability process to the National Committee, and issue a report on the cases it has handled prior to each Solidarity Convention. The identities of all involved parties in the report will remain anonymous, except in the case of members expelled.
5. The GVC will maintain long-term records of allegations and outcomes of investigations or attempted investigations, so that these records can be accessed in the future if necessary.

Electing the Commission: The Commission shall be elected at Solidarity Conventions. If an elected member is unable to finish their term, the National Committee shall elect a replacement until the next Convention.

Criteria for members being elected or appointed:

• Agreement with the principles adopted at the 2013 National Convention, and as revised at subsequent Conventions.
• Commission members are expected to continue educating themselves on issues surrounding sexual violence within the movement.

Relationship between the GVC and other leadership bodies:

• The GVC is in charge of its own communications to the organization and to branches.
• In cases in which expulsion is either mandatory or a possibility based on the guidelines of the Policy on Gendered Violence, the GVC will make a recommendation to the NC regarding expulsion; the ultimate decision regarding expulsion will be decided by a vote of the NC.
• A 2/3 vote of the NC is required in order to override a recommendation of the GVC.

Responsibilities of branches in the GVC process:  when a charge is made involving an aggressor who is currently or has been part of a branch or twig, the GVC will approach branch/twig leadership to ask for any history of charges or reports having been made in the past about that person. The branch/twig leadership is obligated to provide this information to the GVC.

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Appendix A: History of this Document and of the Gendered Violence Commission

• Initial Process of Creating the Document, Prior to 2013 Solidarity Convention

The 2013 Solidarity Convention spent a considerable amount of time and energy on the issues raised by the draft of the document, Solidarity Process Around Reports of Sexual Violence and Battering, in both its initial form and in its first revision. There was also an intense email discussion. This is an issue of political significance and also an issue that is highly charged emotionally due to its place at the intersection of the personal and political and to the experiences many members and associates have had in a violent and misogynist sexist society.

The process of creating this document was sparked by several incidents, among them the situation in the British SWP where many members have publicly resigned following repeated actions taken by the Central Committee to demean and silence survivors of gendered violence and their allies while failing to hold aggressors, including leaders of the organization, accountable. In the aftermath of Occupy, traumatic events that occurred within encampments are now being widely discussed and debated. Additionally, a situation in California has come to light in which the Progressive Labor Party closed ranks in defense of a leader who had raped a fellow movement activist and failed completely to support the survivor in the aftermath of the attack. We are also aware of situations within our own organization over the years that have been responded to in problematic and inconsistent ways. We deeply regret that these incidents have at times caused survivors, women, and LGBTQ people to feel unwelcome and unsafe in and around Solidarity. We recognize that, despite identification with feminist politics, there is a problem of gendered violence in many radical and socialist communities. With this in mind, we strive to ensure that feminist politics are not simply espoused, but rather internalized and practiced throughout our organization.

It is in this context that a group of volunteers, brought together by the leadership, began its work.

Our socialist and feminist politics dictate that we take an unwavering, principled stand against patriarchal behavior and gendered violence in our movement and that we make our organizational spaces safer and empowering for survivors and people who are disproportionately impacted by gendered violence, including women and LGBTQ people. To do otherwise would not only be morally and politically reprehensible but would cause fatal damage to our overall project. With this fundamental commitment as our guide, we undertook a 5 month process of study, self-education, reflection, debate, and writing with the goal of developing a formal procedure for dealing with rape, sexual harassment, domestic violence, and other forms of gendered violence in our organization. Nine days prior to our convention, we released a draft document, agreed to by most but not all of the drafting committee members. It was intended to be a starting point for our organization in responding to cases ranging from low intensity sexual harassment to rape and sexual assault. This document attempted to combine the best aspects of different approaches currently being practiced on the left, including “zero tolerance” which emphasizes expulsion of aggressors as a necessary step for creating safer spaces and community accountability which utilizes an individualized case-by-case process to meet the survivor’s needs and repair the harm. In response, there have been a number of debates over Facebook and over our listserv about the proposed processes, based primarily on a small (but not insignificant) part of the document that described a “continuum of sexual assault” and recommended organizational responses for each category of infraction.

In the ensuing debate, it became clear that the document did not adequately convey our fundamental support for survivors and for creating safer political and social spaces within our organization. Some of our comrades felt that the suggested policies would allow aggressors to get away with a “slap on the wrist.” In response, the document was revised to make expulsion mandatory in many cases and shift even more emphasis toward supporting survivors and away from rehabilitating aggressors as an organizational task. This is the version that was adopted provisionally at our convention, with the understanding that changes will be made in the policy as we learn more about these issues.

One important step forward outlined in this document is the establishment of the Commission on Gendered Violence, a 6 member body which will be responsible for evaluating and responding to cases, as well as coordinating member education on these issues. This will take the decision-making process out of branches and create more consistency throughout the organization. Although we have adopted an initial draft document, our work is far from done. This is a complex topic, one that people view through the prisms of their own varied life experiences. As in society as a whole, many members of our organization are survivors of sexual violence.

Moving forward, we strive to not only address the most egregious cases of gendered violence but also to transform the environment and culture within our organization by developing practices of intervening in the everyday instances of gendered harassment and sexist behavior. We seek to make our norms of behavior clearly known and to make Solidarity a place where such behavior is not tolerated. Our organization must be a comfortable place for all its members and contacts, be they people of color, young, old, differently-abled, male, female, queer, or straight. This document, which is already in the process of revision and elaboration, is an important step in this direction.

While this document focuses primarily on issues within our organization, we also want to take this opportunity to reaffirm our commitment to fighting gendered violence as a central part of our political project. Cultivating a feminist culture within our organization goes hand in hand with engaging in movements which challenge rape, sexual assault, domestic violence, trafficking, and state-sanctioned gendered violence throughout the world. The process of writing this document has sparked new connections with organizations and individuals in the movement against gendered violence and we commit to building those relationships as we move forward.

• The First Term of the Gendered Violence Commission, Summer 2013 to Spring 2015: Experience and Issues:

The first GVC was elected at the summer, 2013 convention.

From summer, 2013 through May, 2015, the GVC dealt with five cases:

• Category 1: two cases
• Category 2: one case
• Category 3: one case
• And an additional case with which the GVC did not proceed because charges were not substantiated with direct testimony

In the process of investigating and responding to these cases, the GVC addressed issues including:

• historical cases of gendered violence
• Cases involving members of Solidarity’s leadership
  emotional abuse/battering
• charges that were raised but which the GVC was not able to substantiate due to survivors’ unwillingness to come forward publically
• dialogue and negotiations with the NC and with other branches re: matters of confidentiality, locus of decision-making, and rights to information
• issues of balancing survivors’ rights to privacy, aggressors’ rights to privacy, and membership’s rights to be aware of charges

Appendix B: Policies Adopted November 2014 by the National Committee

1. The GVC is in charge of its own communications to the organization and to branches. At times the GVC may choose to share its written communication with the PC/NC in advance of sending it to the members or to a branch or individual, and may also seek input from the NC and/or PC with regard to such communications. However, the GVC has the ultimate say over its communications, although it is bound, of course, to operate in accordance with the document accepted by the Summer 2013 convention, and with any changes enacted by future conventions.

2. The only way that the GVC can operate effectively is within a presumption that the organization delegates the GVC and its members to carry out their responsibilities with integrity, with respect for confidentiality, and with good judgment based on their individual and collective experience and expertise. A 2/3rds vote of the NC is required in order to override a decision of the GVC. Requests of the GVC by the NC are to be grounded in this premise. GVC members are held to a very high, written standard of confidentiality with proscribed consequences if confidentiality is violated. If doubt arises regarding the organization’s confidence in the integrity and good judgment in the GVC’s members or its functioning as a body, remedies are provided for in that GVC members can be disciplined for breaches of confidentiality or un-elected at the next convention. Disagreement with the GVC’s recommendations or actions should not lead to the remedy of changing or limiting the GVC’s role or responsibilities in between conventions, considering that GVC members were elected by the convention to carry out its duties.

3. In order for the GVC to do its job competently with regard to future charges, its members need to be aware of the histories of charges or reports of gendered violence/abuse by Solidarity members, including their identities. For example, if the GVC is investigating a charge that has been brought against a member, the GVC is hampered in its ability to evaluate the situation and arrive at solutions if histories of charges or reports related to that member exist within the records of some members or branches but are kept secret from the GVC. It might be argued that this is too harsh a standard because it is different than that used by criminal courts. However, unlike in criminal courts, the GVC is not in a position to deprive members of their freedom. Our conscious and deliberate bias, based on our shared political values—to err on the side of protecting survivors rather than on the side of protecting aggressors—allows for and requires that the history of one accused of sexual violence or abuse informs the GVC’s process in dealing with new allegations. To be clear, this information is essential for the GVC’s investigations and evaluations, not just in determining consequences after new charges are determined to be well-founded. A (fictional) example is that a member’s chronic history, over a number of years, of multiple charges of sexual violence/abuse, none of which were brought to resolution or resulted in discipline because those bringing the charges declined at some point to cooperate, does become relevant to a future investigation of a very similar charge when a survivor does decide to follow through. Members of the GVC need to be empowered to discuss with said member the past charges and to be able to evaluate their perspective on them, and on the current charges, in light of their history, as part of their investigation and evaluation of new charges. Again, as noted above, GVC members are held to a very strict standard of confidentiality, and must be trusted to use this information appropriately and to keep it confidential.

4. In terms of implementation, the GVC proposes that, going forward, when a charge is made, the GVC will approach branch leadership, if the aggressor is a branch member, and ask for any history of charges or reports having been made in the past about that person, and the branch leadership is obligated to provide this information to the GVC. (the GVC is NOT suggesting that every branch immediately gather up all past reports and/or charges and forward them to the GVC; just that this info is provided upon the GVC’s receipt of a charge.)

5. Further, in order for the GVC to do its job competently, its members need to keep long-term records of allegations, and outcomes of investigations, or attempted investigations, so that these records can be accessed in the future if necessary. This is needed so that, for example, someone who may have been found to be a sexual aggressor/guilty of gendered violence, or who faced a serious charge of sexual aggression/gendered violence (that may not have been brought to a conclusion because, say, the person facing the charge left the organization before the investigation was completed and declined to cooperate with the investigation), will not be re-admitted to the organization without at least a full review and consideration of that history. (Note: this aspect of the GVC’s responsibility cannot be implemented unless (4), above, is put into practice. Records are meaningless without identities being disclosed to the GVC.)

Notes

¹ There’s some literature that talks about creating “safer” spaces rather than “safe” spaces, since there’s no such thing as a completely safe space and the illusion that any space could be made completely safe is one which can be considered as grounded in privilege. This term used particularly in women of color feminist influenced contexts. Our discussion has touched upon the question of honoring concerns about safety, comfort, and empowerment in a group space without reifying the question of safety or treating women as “weak creatures” who are constructed as being constrained by pervasive worries about safety.

² Some individuals prefer the term survivor to describe themselves while others feel that the term “victim” more accurately captures their experience. In individual cases we will always defer to the self-identification of the person who has been harmed.

³ For more information on the concept of consent, visit Yes Means Yes or Consent Is Sexy.

⁴ In thinking about how Solidarity should respond to an act of gendered violence, some of us have been informed by the work of CARA (Communities Against Rape and Abuse). Their approach is described in an article, written by a collective of women of color from CARA, “Taking risks: implementing grassroots accountability strategies,” (published in The Revolution Starts at Home).

⁵ We do not have the room here to layout piece by piece what an accountability process will look like. Instead, we will offer some guidelines and direct people who are interested in more to a toolkit developed by an Oakland-based organization called Creative Interventions, available here.